minami

Network Communication:

Protocol Stack (bottom to top):

  1. Link Layer
    • Handles local network communications (Ethernet, Wi-Fi)
    • Interfaces with network hardware
    • Switches operate here using MAC addresses
    • Example protocol: Ethernet
  2. Internet Layer
    • Routes packets between machines across networks
    • Core protocol: IP (Internet Protocol)
    • Uses destination IP addresses
    • Routers operate at this layer
    • Best-effort packet delivery
  3. Transport Layer
    • Manages process-to-process communication
    • Uses port numbers for addressing
    • Key protocol: TCP
  4. Application Layer
    • High-level protocols
    • Examples: HTTP, DNS
    • Where most application code operates